Withdrawal from Mesopotamia In addition to fortifying the empire’s borders, Hadrian took the controversial step of abandoning some of the territory conquered by his predecessor, Trajan. In particular, Hadrian withdrew Roman forces from the newly acquired province of Mesopotamia, which had b

Hadrian, born Publius Aelius Hadrianus on January 24, 76 AD, was one of the most influential and multifaceted emperors of Rome. His reign from 117 to 138 AD marked a period of consolidation and cultural flourishing within the Roman Empire. Unlike many of his predecessors, Hadrian is best remembered

Beyond his military achievements, Trajan was also known for his effective governance and his commitment to the welfare of the Roman people. One of his major reforms was the establishment of the alimenta, a welfare program that provided financial aid to poor children, particularly in Italy. This prog

One of the defining features of Trajan’s reign was his military success, particularly in the Dacian Wars, which took place between 101 and 106 AD. Dacia, located in modern-day Romania, was rich in natural resources, particularly gold, making it an attractive target for the Roman Empire. Trajan